In 1999 he became the subject of a biopic entitled Boys Don't Cry, starring Hilary Swank as Brandon Teena, for which Swank won an Academy Award. In 1993 Brandon Teena, a transgender man, was raped and murdered in Nebraska. See also: List of unlawfully killed transgender people and History of violence against LGBT people in the United States 1990s Violence against transgender people and their partners She brought suit against the Army and won a settlement of $25,000 and an honorable discharge. A year-and-a-half later she was discharged from the Army when her history became known to higher-ups. Army Reserves recruiter signed her up for the Army, which she enlisted in in 1976. Mary Elizabeth Clark served as a United States Navy chief petty officer (E-7), serving as an instructor in anti-submarine warfare, before she underwent sex reassignment surgery knowing of her past, a U.S. The Seventh Circuit denied her Title VII (of the Civil Rights Act of 1964) sex discrimination protection by narrowly interpreting "sex" discrimination as discrimination "against women", and denying Ulane's womanhood. 1984), concerned Karen Ulane, a transsexual pilot. Another sex discrimination case in 1984, Ulane v. Corbett decision that disallowed such a marriage, but rejected its reasoning.Īlso in 1976, the New Jersey Supreme Court rejected the appeal of a transgender plaintiff, Paula Grossman, in a sex discrimination case involving termination from her teaching job after sex reassignment surgery. 345 (1976), the court expressly considered the English Corbett v. In 1976 the first case in the United States that found post-operative transsexuals could marry in their post-operative sex was decided. 371, 560 P.2d 1070 (1977), the Oregon Supreme Court rejected an application for a change of name or sex on the birth certificate of a post-operative transsexual, on the grounds that there was no legislative authority for such a change to be made. 1975), a Connecticut court found that substantial state interest must be demonstrated to justify refusing to grant a change in sex recorded on a birth certificate. Other legal cases continued to consider the issue of changing the gender marker on one's official documentation, but cases in this period also considered other issues of anti-transgender discrimination. This was considered a landmark decision in favor of transgender rights. Open (in tennis) after a ruling in her favor by the New York Supreme Court. In 1977 Renee Richards, a transsexual woman, was granted entry to the U.S. In 1975 Minneapolis became the first city in the United States to pass trans-inclusive civil rights protection legislation. Supreme Court, which in 1976 refused to hear the case.Ī few other scattered positive developments also occurred in this period. In 1971, Bernardsville, New Jersey junior high music teacher Paula Grossman was fired from her position of 14 years after openly transitioning and announcing her identity as a woman. 1970s Īnimation: US LGBT anti-discrimination laws/regulations, 1972-2011 The same occurred in the case of Matter of Anonymous, 64 Misc. The change of sex was denied, but the name change was granted. In 1968 a transgender person again sought a change of name and sex on their birth certificate in the case of Matter of Anonymous, 57 Misc. The decision of the court in Weiner was affirmed in Mtr.
The New York City Health Department refused to grant the request, and the court ruled that the New York City and New Jersey Health Code only permitted a change of sex on the birth certificate if an error was made recording it at birth, so the Health Department acted correctly. The case concerned a transsexual person from New York City who had undergone sex reassignment surgery and wanted a change of name and sex on their birth certificate. In 1966 the first case to consider transsexualism in the US was heard, Mtr. 3.1 Violence against transgender people and their partners.